Vaccines & immunity اللقحات و المناعة

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Vaccines

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Definitions
Vaccines: materila than can artificially indice immunity to an infectious Disease, usually after injection or in some case, injestion of the material

So in vaccines, the person's purposley exposed to harmless pathogens, in attempt to produce protive antibodies & memory cells, but will not cause disease in the person

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Characterstics of Ideal Vaccines

• contain enough antigenic determinats to stimulate the immue system to produce protective antibodies
• contains antigenic determinants from all strains of the pathogen that cause the disease (called multivalent or polyvalent
• Has few (no) side effcts
• dose not cause disease in vaccinated persons

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Action of Vaccine

Generally most vaccines made up from living or dead (inactivated
or from certain toxins they produce
the most effective vaccines are the ones made up from living organisms

the vaccines stimulate the recipent's immune system to produce protective antibodies , some vaccines stimulate the body to produce proteictive antibodies that are directed against surface antigens & result in preventing pathogen from adhering to host cells , where in some cases , protective antibodies attached to surface antigen act as osponins

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Vaccines should be Recived by childern

• Heptits B vaccines
• DTaP (Diphtheria toxoid-tetanus toxoid-acellular pertusis) vaccines
• (HIB) Haemphoilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine
• (IPV) inactivated poliovirus vaccines
• (MMR) Mealses-mumps-rubella vaccine
• PCV (pneumococcall conjugate vaccine)
• Influenza vaccine
• Hepatits A vaccine

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Types of Vaccines

1- attenuated vaccines
vaccines that made from non-pathogenic (weakneed )pathogens
E.g., BCG (aganist tuberculosis ) ,german mealses

2- Inactivated Vaccines
vaccines made from pathogen that have been killed by hear or chemicals
this type of vaccines is less effective that live vaccine
E.g., Hepatitis A , anthrax, typhoid fever

3- Subunit Vaaccine
also called aceullar vaccines, is one that uses antigenic portion of the pathogen rahter than using the whole pathogen

E.g Whooping cough , lyme diseasee, Hepatits B

4- Conjugate vaccine
vaccines made by conjugating bacterial capsular antigens (not antigenic) to moleucels that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the less antigenic capsular antigens

5- Toxoid Vaccines
toxoid, is an exotoxin that has been inactivated by heat or chemicals & thus can be injected safely to stimulate te production of antibodies that are capable of netrlizing the exotoxin pahtogen

E.g., Diphteria , tetanuns

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