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Enkephalins (penta-peptides) have recently been discovered as regulators of nerve impulses involving pain in the brain. Apparently these peptides act as natural analgesics (pain-killers) and their action mimics that of morphine and other opiates. At present it is thought that the morphine-like effects are due to aromatic side chains on phenylanine and tyrosine which mimic a similar sturcture on morphine. Apparently, it does not make much difference whether the enkephalin contains methionine or leucine at the acid end of the peptide. The primary structures are:
methionine-enkephaline: tyr - gly - gly - phe - met
leucine-enkephalin: tyr - gly - gly - phe - leu
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide. It contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain
cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine
Oxytocin in a nine amino acid peptide that is synthesized in hypothalamic neurons and transported down axons of the posterior pituitary for secretion into blood.
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